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Glossary L In VMS, what is a login.com file? Note: The software discussed in this document is no longer in common use at IU, and UITS may no longer be able to verify the document's accuracy. The login.com file is executed every time you log into your VMS account. Many people include lines in this file that will create a customized environment for their accounts. If your account does not come with a login.com file, you can create one using the VMS CREATE command. At the VMS prompt, enter: create login.com After you enter this command, the cursor will return to the beginning of a new line, but no prompt will appear. Enter the first line in your login.com file. Once you press the Enter key, you will no longer be able to make corrections on that line. Continue to enter new lines as you wish. Save the new file by pressing Ctrl-z. The file is now stored in your directory. If you want to make changes to this file, you'll need to use one of the editors in VMS, such as EVE. To execute the command file without logging out and logging back in again, at the VMS prompt, enter: @login The following sample login.com file illustrates some of the abbreviations and substitutions that you can define in your own login.com file. The lines preceded by $! indicate comment lines and explain what the lines that follow mean. $! The following line creates the symbol "EVE" to access the EVE $! editor: $ eve :== ed/tpu $! To set up the EVE editor to emulate edt: $ define tpu$section edt$ $! Defines a logical "week" to represent the week$scratch (Cinderella) $! disk: $ week:== set default week$scratch:[your_username] $! Sets the terminal type to VT100 and allows command line $! editing: $ set term/vt100/line_ed $! Creates the symbol "type" to stand for the command TYPE/PAGE: $ type :== type/page $! Defines a symbol to take you to your root directory from any $! subdirectory: $ home:==set def sys$login $! Defines the symbol "who" to stand for the command SHOW USERS: $ w*ho :== show users $! Defines the symbol "time" to stand for the command SHOW TIME: $ time :== show time $! Defines the symbol "quota" to stand for the command SHOW QUOTA: $ quota :== show quota $! Defines the symbol "where" to stand for the command SHOW DEFAULT: $ where :== show default $! Defines your default scratch disk (sys$scratch) as the $! day$scratch disk: $ define sys$scratch day$scratch:[your_username] $! Clears the screen: $cls:==ty/p nl: Online help is available for DCL commands. At the VMS prompt, enter: help command Also see: What is a LAN (local area network)? Local area networks (LAN) are computer networks ranging in size from a few computers in a single office to hundreds or even thousands of devices spread across several buildings. They function to link computers together and provide shared access to printers, file servers, and other services. LANs in turn may be plugged into larger networks, such as larger LANs or wide area networks (WANs), connecting many computers within an organization to each other and/or to the Internet. Because the technologies used to build LANs are extremely diverse, it is impossible to describe them except in the most general way. Universal components consist of the physical medium that connects devices, interfaces on the individual devices that connect to the medium, protocols that transmit data across the network, and software that negotiates, interprets, and administers the network and its services. Many LANs also include signal repeaters and bridges or routers, especially if they are large or connect to other networks. The level of management required to run a LAN depends on the type, configuration, and number of devices involved, but in some cases it can be considerable. Forums for LAN discussion include newsgroups in the comp.dcom.lans.* hierarchy. Also see:
What is a legacy system? A legacy system is one that will not receive any further development or enhancement. Typically, once a system has been declared to be a legacy system, the only changes that are made to it are the application of patches that prevent security risks. When a system has been declared a legacy system, new accounts are created only under rare circumstances. A system is often declared to be a legacy system as a part of a plan to retire it. What is a Master Boot Record (MBR)? At the end of the ROM BIOS bootstrap routine (which occurs when your computer first boots up), the BIOS reads and executes the first physical sector of the first boot device (floppy, hard disk, or CD-ROM) on the system. This first sector is called the Master Boot Record (also known as the partition table, or master boot block). At the start of this sector is a small program. This program uses the partition information (or partition table) stored at the end of the sector to determine which partition is bootable (usually the first primary DOS partition), then attempts to boot from it. The values in the partition table (contained in the MBR) depend directly on the size of the physical disk and on the logical partitioning on that disk. The DOS Boot Record (DBR) holds the Boot Parameter Block (BPB), which contains the logical mapping information for that particular partition. The values in the Boot Parameter Block are absolutely dependent on the size of the partition and the type of file system. These two sectors contain the information necessary to locate and identify the file system used to access the data on the drive. If either of these are damaged, the data becomes inaccessible, even though there may be no damage to the data or the file system itself. You may be able to fix this by using your Emergency Repair Disk sets in Windows 2000 or NT, your Recovery Disks in Windows 95 or 98, some specialty utilities (e.g., fdisk/mbr), or, in some cases, Recovery Disk sets built from a virus protection program, such as Norton AntiVirus. Some of this information comes from article Q69013 in the Microsoft knowledge base. You can access Microsoft's knowledge base at: http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?pr=kbinfo Also see:
What is an MCP? MCP stands for Microsoft Certified Professional. Along with other computer certifications such as A+, this credential can help information technology (IT) professionals gain recognition for the knowledge they possess, which can provide better job opportunities as well as the satisfaction of being certified. To obtain an MCP certification, you must pass any of the exams available through Microsoft, excluding Network Essentials. For more information, visit: http://www.microsoft.com/traincert/mcp/mcp/default.asp Also see:
What is Medline, and how can I access it? The primary medical research database index is known as Medline. Indiana University faculty, staff, and students can search the entire body of the Medline index for medical literature dating back to 1966, as well as several other health-related databases (including the full text of selected journals), from the IU School of Medicine Ruth Lilly Medical Library server. Point your Web browser to the following: http://gateway.ovid.com/autologin.html You can find additional information on searching Medline and other databases at: http://www.medlib.iupui.edu/ref/ For further information, send an e-mail message to medlref@iupui.edu . Also see: What is Mercury? Note: For information regarding Novell NetWare support, see the Knowledge Base document At IU, where can I find support for Novell NetWare? Mercury is a mail transport system for Novell NetWare. It is an NLM (NetWare Loadable Module) that allows a Novell server to accept SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) connections from the Internet. Using Mercury, a Novell server can also gateway messages from Novell-based mail packages to the Internet via an SMTP client. Mercury is commonly used in conjunction with the Pegasus e-mail system. The current distribution site for Mercury and Pegasus is: For more information, contact your LAN administrator. What is the difference between a LAN, a MAN, and a WAN, and what is a LAN connection? A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected together, usually within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high-speed and relatively inexpensive (e.g., token ring or Ethernet). For more information on LANs, see the Knowledge Base document What is a LAN (local area network)? A MAN (metropolitan area network) is a larger network that usually spans several buildings in the same city or town. A WAN (wide area network) is, in comparison, not restricted to a geographical location, although it might be confined within the bounds of a state or a country. A WAN connects several LANs, and may be limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an organization) or accessible to the public. The technology is high-speed, and is relatively expensive. The Internet is an example of a worldwide public WAN. A LAN connection is a high-speed connection to a LAN. Related online NETg tutorials (IU only)
Networking Foundations If you haven't used NETg before, see the Knowledge Base document What do I need to know about accessing NETg from the Knowledge Base? Also see:
What is the difference between memory and disk storage? Memory and disk storage both refer to internal storage space in a computer. The term memory usually means RAM (Random Access Memory). To refer to hard drive storage, the terms disk space or storage are usually used. Typically, computers have much less memory than disk space, because RAM is much more expensive per megabyte than a hard disk. Today, a typical desktop computer might come with 256MB of RAM, and a 40 gigabyte hard disk. Virtual memory is disk space that has been designated to act like RAM. For more information, see the Knowledge Base document What is virtual memory? On a PC, different parts of the available RAM may be more or less easily accessible to programs. For more information, see the Knowledge Base document On a PC, what are the differences between various kinds of memory? Computers also contain a small amount of ROM, or read-only memory, containing permanent or semi-permanent (firmware) instructions for checking hardware and starting up the computer. On a PC, this is called the BIOS. Also see:
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