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For the PC, what are the differences between MFM, RLL, IDE, EIDE, ATA, ESDI, and SCSI hard drives? Here is a summary of the common hard drive types found in PCs and clones: MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation) This is the original type of hard drive found on PCs. MFM refers to the method of recording bits onto the media of the drive. These drives adhere to the ST-506 hard drive controller standard, which is based on early Seagate drive controllers. RLL (Run Length Limited) RLL drives and controllers also adhere to the ST-506 standard, and are a modification of the basic MFM recording. RLL recording involves squeezing more bits into a track. This is accomplished by using a larger number of sectors (27 rather than 17 or 19), and requires a better quality drive medium than that required for MFM. RLL recording results in a roughly 50% increase in capacity over MFM recording, given the same physical hard drive. It is the controller card that determines whether a drive is used with MFM or RLL encoding. MFM drives may be low-level formatted using an RLL controller, and vice versa. However, formatting a drive meant to be used as an MFM drive as RLL can (and usually does) result in disk errors and subsequent massive data loss. RLL drives can be used with MFM controllers without any problems. Drive manufacturers usually made two versions of otherwise identical drives, one having better magnetic media for RLL use. An example of such a pair would be the ST-225 and the ST-238. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) An IDE drive is essentially a very advanced RLL controller built right into the electronics of the hard drive. These drives are typically of very high capacity (500MB and greater, and doubling in capacity approximately every three or four months), very reliable, and fast in comparison to older MFM and RLL drives. The on-board controllers adhere to the ST-506 standard, and are therefore compatible with software that recognizes an ST-506 controller (e.g., Windows 3.1's 32-bit disk access). Since the controller is on board the drive, the drive manufacturer is free to use some very advanced techniques to increase capacity, speed, and reliability of the drives, while keeping the complexity hidden from the user and the computer. These techniques include active error checking, moving the contents of failing blocks to blocks set aside for this purpose (the controller re-maps the sectors, so the computer doesn't even know the block has changed location), zone recording (fewer sectors on the inside tracks and more on the outside), higher disk rotation speeds, and re-mapping of drive geometry to suit the user. IDE drives are connected to the computer's bus via a "paddle card". Two IDE drives may be hooked up together as a master-slave pair (since they have on-board controllers, one of the controllers must be made the master). This involves setting a master-slave dip switch or jumper on the drives. Most computers and paddle cards only allow two drives on the machine, but some allow up to four. Different brands (especially older models) might have problems working with each other as a master-slave pair. EIDE (Enhanced IDE), Fast ATA, ATA-3, etc. While more than adequate for its time (1990-1994), the IDE (or ATA) standard has been supplanted by the ATA-2 standard. In addition, a standard for connecting CD-ROM and tape drives to IDE interfaces, ATAPI, now exists. Western Digital has been promoting a standard called EIDE, which incorporates ATA-2 and ATAPI. A competing standard, promoted by Seagate and called Fast-ATA, is based on ATA-2. Features of EIDE include:
While most EIDE/ATA-2/Fast-ATA drives are larger than 504MB, the old IDE specification actually allowed drives larger than 100GB. It was the combination of DOS and IDE that kept usable disk capacities to 504MB. Newer operating systems (Windows 95 and NT) can take advantage of large hard drives. The new ATA-3 standard does not provide for faster transfer modes, but improves reliability, especially at PIO Mode 4. It also provides for password-based security, better power management, and Self-Monitoring Analysis and Report Technology (SMART). Some drives currently being sold support a new DMA/33 mode, which is twice as fast as PIO Mode 4 or DMA Mode 2. These drives are sometimes labeled as Ultra DMA or Ultra ATA drives. To use DMA/33, you need to use special DMA/33 interface cards, or motherboards with DMA/33 compatible interfaces. The ATA-4 standard is currently being formulated. It will replace ATA-3 as well as ATAPI, incorporating both standards into one, and should support DMA/33. Newer drives (ATA-2, DMA/33, etc.) may be used in older computers which have the old ATA interface, although some of the advanced features and fast transfer modes will not be available. Similarly, old IDE drives may be used with the new ATA-2 and DMA/33 compatible interfaces. ESDI Enhanced System Device Interface is an updated ST-506 standard. Not very many of these drives exist, and most are found on older, high-end IBM PS/2s. In their day, these drives were very large and fast. These drives required an ESDI controller and were not compatible with any of the previous types. SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) SCSI (pronounced "scuzzy") differs in a big way from the ST-506 standard. SCSI is actually a smart bus (it is controlled with a microprocessor) and it allows the addition of up to seven devices (not necessarily just hard drives; scanners, printers, and other devices often use SCSI) to the computer. SCSI drives are also usually large and fast. Using one will require the addition of a SCSI adapter. In the early days of SCSI, a lot of devices were made that didn't talk to each other, but those days are behind us for the most part. SCSI II is a newer standard which allows data transfer rates that are a lot higher than the older SCSI standard. SCSI and SCSI II devices should be able to coexist on a SCSI II bus. There are also Fast SCSI and Wide SCSI, two standards that allow even greater bandwidth across the SCSI bus. These two standards are most often seen on high-end workstations or file servers. The latest SCSI standard is SCSI III. At this point in time, a few SCSI III drives, cables, and controllers are available. Each SCSI device on the SCSI bus requires a unique SCSI number, from 0 to 6 (the host adapter's SCSI number is 7). SCSI devices are daisy chained together by cabling, and the device at the end of the daisy chain has to have a terminator resistor. Also see:
In desktop publishing, what is the difference between RGB and CMYK? RGB is the primary color model used by display devices. CMYK is the primary color model used by color printers. In RGB, images are created by combining red, green, and blue light. Combinations of these colors have the potential of creating millions of different colors in what is called an additive process. In this process, images are created by adding the three primary colors of light together, creating various colors by using different concentrations of the primaries. CMYK, in contrast, creates different colors in a subtractive process using four colors or inks: cyan (blue), magenta (red), yellow, and black. CMYK works by removing color from a white background (as opposed to RGB, which adds color to a black background). CMYK pigments absorb most of the white light that hits them, reflecting only part of the spectrum back to the eye. Similar to RGB, CMYK creates other colors by combining the cyan, magenta, yellow, and black in different combinations. The differences between RGB and CMYK become crucial when desktop publishers attempt to translate documents on their screens into a hard copy. There are many RGB colors that CMYK printers cannot reproduce. Something that looks good on the monitor may not look the same when printed. To overcome this limitation, many applications allow you to work with an image using the CMYK color model rather than RGB. Other software, such as ColorSync in Mac OS, attempts to match as closely as possible the printed output with the RGB input. On the hardware side, high-end printers can supplement CMYK inks with specific spot color inks (such as the Pantone Matching System) that improve the printed output's fidelity to the original. For application or hardware specific information, refer to the documentation that came with your software or equipment. Also see:
In Windows NT, 2000, and XP, what is the Event Viewer? Note: For security and support reasons, UITS recommends using Windows 2000 Professional, rather than NT Workstation 4.0. Windows NT 4.0 is scheduled to enter its Extended Lifecycle Phase in June 2002. This means that it is no longer considered a mainstream technology, and support will become more limited during this phase. For more information, see Microsoft's Windows Desktop Product Lifecycle Guidelines page at: http://www.microsoft.com/windows/lifecycle.asp Windows NT, 2000, and XP have the built-in capability to alert a user about significant occurrences in the system or in an application. Some critical events, such as a full hard drive or an interruption in your power supply, are noted with an on-screen message. Other events that do not require immediate attention are noted in the event log. Event logging starts automatically each time you start Windows NT, 2000, or XP. With an event log and an administrative tool called the Event Viewer, you can troubleshoot various hardware and software problems and monitor security events for your computer. You can also archive logs in various file formats. Windows NT, 2000, and XP have three basic types of logs in which events are recorded:
All users can view the system and application logs. The security logs are accessible only to the system administrators. To access the Event Viewer, follow the appropriate steps below:
Some of this information was adapted from the Resource Kit Version 4.0 for Windows NT. Also see:
On a PC, what is the difference between extended and expanded memory?Extended memoryMemory addresses greater than or equal to one megabyte are called extended memory. The 8088 and 8086 PCs can't have extended memory because these chips can only access addresses of less than one megabyte (1MB) in size. With the minor exception of the High Memory Area (HMA), extended memory can be addressed only by applications run in real mode. It is possible, however, for DOS applications to make use of this memory to store data (but not to execute code directly from there). XMS (eXtended Memory Standard, promulgated by Microsoft) permits applications to allocate extended memory and takes care of copying data to and from extended memory and conventional memory so that the application does not have to worry about switching between modes. Like EMS, XMS usually requires loading a device driver of some sort. Extended memory is limited to 15Mb on 286es and 386SXes (15Mb extended plus 1Mb conventional and upper memory equals 16Mb, or 224, 24 being the number of address lines coming out of the CPU), limited to 4 gigabytes (232) for 386DX chips and up, although very few motherboards have been designed to hold that much memory. Expanded memoryExpanded memory is addressed from within the lower 1MB space, usually above 640K. It is sometimes up to 64K of real addresses but this is just a small portion of the whole expanded memory, which can be very large. The expanded memory requires hardware and/or software that maps the expanded memory to a piece of address space, in what is called a "page frame". Extended memory can be used as expanded memory by using software and the 80286 or 80386 chips to "remap" it to the lower 1MB. It should be noted that the 80386 chip has hardware built in that supports expanded memory while the 80286 chip does not. Software that will convert extended memory on an 80286 machine to expanded memory may result in a significant performance penalty, if the machine does not have special hardware support for expanded memory. Software that will convert extended memory to expanded memory on an 80286 machine is not written to use the special hardware built into the 80386 chip, so the same type of performance penalty may apply. Hardware supported expanded memory is the fastest form of expanded memory and is available directly on all 80386SX or better IBM compatibles running the proper software. It is also available on some 80286 machines with special chip sets or 80286 machines equipped with a hardware memory manager add-on. Lastly, it is available in a large number of memory expansion boards for all IBM compatible machines, including the 8088/8086 machines. Expanded memory standardsWhen looking at expanded memory, one must also take into account such factors as the type of expanded memory being made available. The first widely accepted standard was the Lotus-Intel-Microsoft Expanded Memory Specification (LIM EMS) version 3.2. This provided a way for programs to store information in expanded memory, but did not allow for efficient movement of information or the storing of the actual program. Lotus 1-2-3, for example, could store only cell labels and not values in expanded memory, restricting the real value of this type of expanded memory. Other standards that were developed later included AST's Enhanced Expanded Memory Specification (EEMS) and IBM's Expanded Memory Adapter (XMA). Once combined under LIM EMS version 4.0, these allowed better use of expanded memory. The features in LIM EMS 4.0 include increased page size and the ability to position the page windows anywhere in memory. Version 4.0 allowed programs to load executable code into expanded memory, since the page could be made to appear to be from memory in the 0-640K DOS memory range. Most memory boards currently offer some sort of LIM EMS 4.0 support but you will still pay a performance penalty unless the board offers full hardware support for LIM EMS 4.0. (Some boards offer software drivers to give the board LIM EMS 4.0 compatibility.) Under DOS, applications must explicitly use either expanded or extended memory. Lotus 1-2-3 release 3.1 and Microsoft Windows require that extended memory be available in order to operate. Most other DOS programs will use expanded memory only to get around the DOS 640K barrier. Some of the commercial memory management software for the 80386 chip will actually switch memory from expanded to extended memory if a program asks for it. Under OS/2 or Unix, there is no need for expanded memory because you do not run them on 8088s. The term "extended" memory loses meaning because all the physical memory is available and is allocated to the programs as needed. A very good discussion of memory appears in Microsoft Windows Resource Kit, which is available in most bookstores. Also see:
What are DropStuff, DropZip, and DropTar, and where can I get them? The companion to StuffIt Expander, DropStuff is a shareware utility for compressing files and folders into StuffIt archives. DropZip and DropTar are similar utilities for creating zip and tar archives, respectively. To use these programs, just drag and drop the files you want to compress onto the appropriate icon. The program will automatically launch, create the archive, and then quit. You may also use any of these programs interactively by double-clicking its icon. DropStuff, DropZip, and DropTar are part of the StuffIt Lite package available from Aladdin Systems. DropStuff is installed by default in recent versions of Mac OS, but DropZip and Drop Tar are not. You may download StuffIt Lite from the following Web site: http://www.stuffit.com/stuffit/lite/index.html Also see: What is a distributed application? Distributed applications are programs that run on your workstation's CPU instead of on shared central resources like shared Unix or VMS systems. Some distributed applications are actually two separate software programs: the back-end (server) software and the front-end (client) software. Back-end software runs on a shared system and manages shared resources, such as disks, printers, and modems. The back-end software also contains the main processing capability for the application. The front-end (client) software runs on workstations. It is the software you see when you use the application. It handles user interface functions, such as receiving input from a keyboard and displaying output to a screen. For example, Web browsers are distributed applications. Browsers require back-end software (World Wide Web servers) as well as front-end software installed on your workstation (e.g., Netscape Communicator or Internet Explorer). Related online NETg tutorials (IU only)
Internet and WWW Introduction If you haven't used NETg before, see the Knowledge Base document What do I need to know about accessing NETg from the Knowledge Base? Also see: What is a distribution list? A distribution list, also known as a mailing list, is a collection of e-mail addresses. You can use distribution lists to send an e-mail message to several people at one time. The list can contain a few addresses, or many. Majordomo and LISTSERV are system-independent distribution list management systems. That is, you can use Majordomo or LISTSERV to create a distribution list and configure it so that others can send messages to your list, regardless of which e-mail system they use. For information about mailing list commands, see the Knowledge Base documents What are some of the basic commands for Majordomo? and Where can I find a list of useful LISTSERV commands? Also see:
What is a DVI file? DVI (DeVice Independent) files are the printable output of TeX, LaTeX and similar programs. They are binary files, compiled by the TeX program from ASCII source files, on which most of the actual editing is done. DVI files are highly portable and as long as DVI output drivers are available, can be sent to most printers. In many cases, however, it is better to convert the DVI file to PostScript for transportation and printing. PostScript provides support for even more viewers and printers than the DVI format. The Unix command to convert DVI to PostScript is: dvips -o filename.ps filename.dvi Note: DVI (short for Digital Video Interactive) is also the name of a hardware-only compression/decompression algorithm for the storage and display of TV-style video. It forms the basis for Intel's Indeo software-only codec. Also see:
What is DBMS/COPY? DBMS/COPY is a file utility program that translates and transfers data to and from over 80 different formats. For example, if you have data in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and wish to use the data in SAS, DBMS/COPY will translate the Excel spreadsheet to a SAS format while leaving the original Excel file unchanged. DBMS/COPY allows you to select a choice of variables. For example, you might have an SPSS data set containing a large number of variables, but plan to use only a small subset of those variables in STATA. With DBMS/COPY, you can select and translate only the particular variables you need. Also see: What is Delphi, and where can I learn more about it? Produced by Borland International, Delphi is a powerful development environment used primarily to build client/server applications for Microsoft Windows, with an emphasis on databases. Based on Object Pascal, it is object-oriented and was designed to give developers the ability to build applications easily, with minimal coding required. For more information about Delphi, see Borland's Delphi page at: http://www.borland.com/delphi/ You may also want to consult the following Delphi newsgroups: alt.comp.lang.borland-delphi comp.lang.pascal.borland comp.lang.pascal.delphi.advocacy comp.lang.pascal.delphi.announce comp.lang.pascal.delphi.components.misc comp.lang.pascal.delphi.components.usage comp.lang.pascal.delphi.components.writing comp.lang.pascal.delphi.databases comp.lang.pascal.misc Note: Delphi is also the name of an unrelated Internet service. For more information, visit its Web site at: Also see: What is DHCP? Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol that enables a DHCP server to automatically assign an IP address to an individual computer's TCP/IP stack software. DHCP assigns a number dynamically from a defined range of numbers (i.e., a scope) configured for a given network. Client computers configured to use DHCP for IP assignment do not need to have a statically assigned IP address. In addition, they generally do not need to have addresses configured for DNS servers or WINS servers, as these are also set by the DHCP server. DHCP assigns a TCP/IP address when a system is started. Typically, it works like this:
For a technical review of DHCP standards, see RFCs 2131 and 2132 at the following URLs: http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/cgi-bin/rfc/rfc2131.html
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/cgi-bin/rfc/rfc2132.html Also see: What is DNS? DNS stands for either Domain Name Server or Domain Name System. Its primary use is to translate, or resolve, the IP number for a computer (e.g., 129.79.5.208) from its alphanumeric name (e.g., lear.ucs.indiana.edu). This is important because an IP number is required to initiate a connection to the remote system. Each organization with a network maintains at least one DNS that contains a list of all the IP numbers within that organization. Each computer on a network needs to know the location of only one DNS. When a request is made for an IP number outside of a particular organization, one of three things happens:
When you use an application such as telnet, you probably type in the alphanumeric address rather than the IP number of the computer you wish to telnet to. The telnet application must use one of the above procedures to get the IP number from the DNS in order for you to be able to telnet to that computer. A good analogy is to think of DNS as an electronic telephone book for a computer network: if you know the name of the machine in question, the DNS machine can look up the IP number. With most applications, you will not see the IP number. However, if you wish to know the IP address of a particular computer, you may use nslookup. For information on how to use nslookup, see the Knowledge Base document In Unix, how can I find out the domain name associated with an IP number? Note: If, in the configuration of a network application such as telnet or FTP, you are given the option of providing either an IP number or an IP name, always choose a name. This gives network and system administrators the freedom to modify and tune the network as necessary, without inconveniencing you or requiring you to change your own system configuration. Also see:
What is DOSKEY? DOSKEY.COM is a program in DOS versions 5 and higher which allows you to recall and edit DOS commands from the command line. You can put the following line in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file to load DOSKEY every time you start your computer: c:\dos\doskey.com Alternately, you can load it into high memory with this line: lh c:\dos\doskey.com You can also enter either of these lines at the DOS prompt to load DOSKEY, although with this method the program will no longer be active after you restart your computer. Also, you won't be able to recall commands you entered before running DOSKEY. Here are some of the keys that DOSKEY recognizes: up arrow display the previous command in the history buffer down arrow display the next command in the history buffer left arrow move one character left right arrow move one character right Home move to the beginning of the line End move to the end of the line CTRL-left arrow move one word left CTRL-right arrow move one word right CTRL-Home delete to the beginning of the line CTRL-End delete to the end of the line Esc delete the entire line Insert toggle between insert and overwrite mode F7 display all previous commands in the history buffer ALT-F7 clear the history buffer [characters]F8 display buffer commands starting with [characters] [n]F9 display the [n]th command in the history buffer Page Up display the first command in the history buffer Page Down display the last command in the history buffer DOSKEY also allows you to create macros and has several command-line options. For more information, at the DOS prompt, enter: doskey /? This article was adapted from the Instant Reference Card #15 on page 237 of the August 1991 issue of PC World. Also see:
What is Dow Jones Interactive? Dow Jones Interactive is an electronic resource for research on business and industry. It provides access to a collection of business-related publications, reports, and news. This is a subscription service. You can view information and subscription pricing at: IU Bloomington has subscribed to this service for the exclusive use of IUB students, faculty, and staff. For more information about using Dow Jones Interactive at IUB, see the Knowledge Base document At Indiana University Bloomington or IUPUI, how do I access Dow Jones Interactive? This service is available to IUPUI students, faculty, and staff through the University Library Web page. For more information on how to access Dow Jones Interactive at IUPUI, see the Knowledge Base document At Indiana University Bloomington or IUPUI, how do I access Dow Jones Interactive? Dow Jones Interactive includes the following components:
Note: The Historical Market Data Center and CustomClips are currently not available to academic libraries.
Dow Jones Interactive recommends these Web browsers for optimal viewing:
This information is based on information from Dow Jones Interactive and from the IUB Libraries IUCAT/DATABASES Help File. Also see:
What is DriveSpace, and how does it work? DriveSpace is Microsoft's disk compression software. It is included as part of Windows 95, 98, and Me, as well as DOS 6.20 and later. Microsoft is currently up to version 3 (DriveSpace3) in Windows 98 and Me. Disk compression software compresses data on the fly when the data is to be stored on the hard drive or a floppy, and expands the data as it is read off the drive. The process happens in the background, and is transparent to the user. With DriveSpace, compressed drives are actually one large hidden file on a host drive. For instance, if you compress the C: drive, you will find a Drive H on your computer afterwards. This drive will appear to have no space on it, since the hidden file (which you will not see, of course) is actually taking up all the space. The hidden file is in reality Drive C. Consider the following as you decide whether compression is appropriate for your computer:
Also see:
What is DVD? DVD is a form of storage media based on the compact disc. Originally called Digital Video Disc, and later Digital Versatile Disc, DVD is now used with little sense of the original terms. Essentially, DVD is a larger, faster CD that can hold video, audio, and/or computer data. Physically similar to a CD, a single-layer, single-sided DVD has a maximum capacity of 4.7GB (about two hours of MPEG-2 video), which is about seven times the capacity of a CD-ROM disk (a normal CD holds around 650MB). A double-layer, double-sided DVD-ROM disk has thirty times the capacity of a CD-ROM (over 17GB). The DVD specification supports access rates of 600KBps to 1.3MBps. DVD-ROM is DVD when used as computer storage. DVD-R is a once-recordable form of DVD, which requires a special drive and media, while such formats as DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, and DVD-R/RW can be written multiple times. DVD-ROM players are capable of reading CD-ROMs, CD-I disks, and video CDs, as well as new DVD-ROMs. Most DVD players can also read CD-R disks. For more information about DVD, see the online DVD FAQ at: http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html Also see:
What is Ethernet? Ethernet (the name commonly used for IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD) is the dominant cabling and low level data delivery technology used in local area networks (LANs). First developed in the 1970s, it was published as an open standard by DEC, Intel, and Xerox (or DIX) and later described as a formal standard by the IEEE. Following are some Ethernet features:
For more information, including quick reference guides, specification overviews, and history, visit Charles Spurgeon's Ethernet Web site at: http://www.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet/ Also read the newsgroups comp.dcom.lans.ethernet and comp.dcom.cabling. For information on the installation of Ethernet cards, go to the UITS ComputerGuide at: http://computerguide.indiana.edu/ Here at Indiana University, we use the Ethernet_II specification, which is older than the IEEE 803.2 standard, and more closely related to the original DIX Ethernet. Also see:
What is Eudora, and where can I get it? Eudora is a POP mail and IMAP client produced by Qualcomm. It requires an Internet connection (e.g., via PPP or Ethernet) and a computer that runs either Mac OS or Windows. There used to be two versions of Eudora: the full-featured Eudora Pro, which was a commercial client, and the less functional Eudora Light, which was freeware. However, with version 4.3, Qualcomm merged the two into a single client that can operate in three different modes: paid, light, and sponsored. The paid and light modes are analogous to the Eudora Pro and Eudora Light programs, respectively. Paid mode requires a registration fee, which disables advertising and enables all features. Light mode has no advertisements and offers basic e-mail client functionality. In sponsored mode, Eudora has the same features as paid mode and is free like light mode, but it always displays an advertisement in a small window that you can't close. Note: If you are using Eudora at IU, UITS requires that you use version 5.1 or later. For further information about using Eudora for Mac OS at IU, see the Knowledge Base document If I am using Eudora for Mac OS to read my IU mail, what requirements do I need to consider? Qualcomm maintains a Web page where you can download Eudora. It also has information on how to buy Eudora so you can use it in paid mode. You can find Qualcomm's Eudora page at: Qualcomm also maintains an FTP site where you can download Eudora software and updates: Also see:
What is the DSL? The DSL (Departmental Support Lab) is part of Department Computing Advising and Support group (DCAS). DSL staff provide technical support to IU Bloomington departments from a convenient central campus location. The DSL has resources that can help your department evaluate, acquire, maintain, and support desktop computing hardware, operating systems, and communications software for the Macintosh and PC. The DSL includes Macintosh and PC computer systems, peripherals, operating systems, and software packages. An extensive software library is available for troubleshooting, to test or compare various products, and to demonstrate functions and features. A library of books, periodicals, and other reference material is also available. DSL staff distribute site-licensed and volume-purchased software and can answer questions about arrangements for departmental software licensing. The lab accommodates both walk-in visits and extended appointments. The DSL is located in the Indiana Memorial Union Room 086 and is open 9am-5pm Monday-Friday, except Thursdays when it closes at 3pm. To make an appointment, e-mail dcas@indiana.edu or call 855-4960. For more information about the DSL, visit: Also see: What is the Microsoft Exchange client? Exchange is a multi-purpose client/server messaging product released by Microsoft in 1996 to replace Microsoft Mail. The first release of both the client and server was version 4.0. You could install the Exchange client on a Windows or Macintosh workstation and use it to read, write, and manage e-mail. It handled mail from other sources (e.g., POP3 mail) and managed other kinds of messaging (e.g., faxes and CompuServe mail). The version of Exchange that shipped with the first release of Windows 95 was later renamed Windows Messaging on Windows 95 OSR2. For more information on Windows Messaging, see the Knowledge Base document What is Microsoft Windows Messaging? Exchange clients also allow you to work off line: reading, answering, and managing e-mail while your computer is disconnected from the network. The next time you connect, the Exchange client will receive new mail and send accumulated outgoing mail through the Exchange Server, Internet Mail, or whatever services you set it up to use. The central Exchange server hosts mailboxes, public folders, and Microsoft Schedule+ records. With the release of Microsoft Office 97 in 1997, Microsoft introduced Outlook as a replacement for the Exchange client. Version 5.0 of the Exchange client exists for Windows 3.1, 95, 98, NT, and the Macintosh. On the Windows platform, the Exchange client can also be integrated with Microsoft Schedule+, a calendar and scheduling program. In the Macintosh version, these programs are already integrated. Note: UITS recommends that you use the current version of Microsoft Outlook to take full advantage of the Exchange server features. The Exchange client does not offer any true Outlook calendar functionality. Consequently, if you are using an Outlook calendar in your Exchange server mailbox, do not use the Schedule+ software that came with Exchange 5.0. If you do, you may end up with two different calendars on the server. Related online NETg tutorials (IU only)
Microsoft Outlook 2000 Fundamentals If you haven't used NETg before, see the Knowledge Base document What do I need to know about accessing NETg from the Knowledge Base? Also see:
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